Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) refers to open sores that develop on the inner lining of the stomach (gastric ulcers) or the upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers occur when the protective mucus layer that shields the lining of the stomach or duodenum becomes weakened, allowing stomach acid to cause damage.
The most common causes are infection with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) and long-term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen, naproxen, diclofenac, and aspirin. Contrary to old beliefs, stress and spicy foods typically do not cause ulcers but can aggravate existing ones.
If left untreated, peptic ulcers can lead to complications such as internal bleeding, perforation (a hole in the stomach or intestine), or obstruction of the digestive tract. Timely diagnosis and treatment are essential to prevent these outcomes and promote healing.
